窓が開けてあります。

Syntax:          -te form compound verb. Uses intransitive verbs.

Usage:           Shows a state that results from a deliberate action.

Explanation: While あるby itself shows that something exists, when it is used after the -te form of a transitive verb it shows what somebody did to it to get it into the state it is in now. This is in contrast to いる, which has a similar structure, but with intransitive verbs, that shows what happened, rather than what was done. Note that even though the verb is transitive, が not を is used because the particle agrees with the final ある, not the -te form before it.

Example:

  • まどが開けてあります。

The window has been opened  

壁に絵がつけてある

Explanation: We already know that  N(location)にNがある means “there is [a] N [on/in…] N(location).” Using the -te form of a transitive verb shows what somebody did to the thing to get it there. Examples:

  • (つくえ)の上にメモが()いてあります。

A memo has been put on the desk.

  • カレンダーに今月の予定が書いてあります。

This month’s schedule has been written on the calendar

絵は壁に掛けてある

Explanation: When we refer to the thing we are talking about, it becomes the topic, and がchanges to は.

Example:      

  • メモはどこですか。

[メモは]机の上に置いてあります

  • 今月の予定はカレンダーに書いてあります。

ワインはもう買ってある

Preparation

Explanation: Because –teある shows that a deliberate act has taken place, it is often used to show some kind of preparation has taken place, and is often used with もう.

Examples:

  • 誕生日のプレゼントはもう買ってあります。

I’ve already bought her birthday present.

  • ホテルはもう予約してあります。

I’ve already booked the hotel.

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te form + おく

Vteおく

Syntax:          -te form compound verb. Uses transitive verbs

Usage:           Used when something is done deliberately in preparation for the future

Explanation: While おくby itself means “to put”, when it is used in a -te form compound, it means to “put an action onto the passage of time”, to bring about a state that will be needed later.

そこに置いておいて下し

Put that over there please

Explanation: The time doesn’t need to be mentioned, for example if it is some indeterminate point in the future.

Example:

  • ゴミ箱に捨てておいてください。

Please put it in the bin (so it can be thrown away later).

そのままにしておきます

I’ll leave it as it is.

Explanation: If the state doesn’t need to be changed, you can still use Vte おく. Note that in this construction, that action doesn’t actually have to be performed, rather, its resultant state has to be preserved.

Example:

  • 机の上に出しておいてください。

Please leave them out on the table.

Explanation: そのままにするis often used here

Example:

  • そのままにしておいてください。

Please leave it as it is.

まだVteいる

Syntax:          Adverb

Usage:           Used to show that a state is still continuing.

Example:

  • 雨がまだ降っています。

It’s still raining

それは~

Talk about what’s just been mentioned

Syntax:          Topic

Usage:           それcan be used to represent the last thing that has been said.

Example:

  • ブロードウェイでミュージカルをみたいです。

それはいいですね…

                                I’d like to see a musical on Broadway.

                                                That sounds nice.

Minna no nihongo – 30 – Kanji

インひ-く、ひ-ける2A level
テイ、ジョウさだ-める、さだ-まる、さだ-か3A level
 はこ3 
 3A level
チ、お-くお-く4A level
ヤク 4  A level
レイつめ-たい、ひ-える、ひ-や、ひ-やす、ひ-やかす、さ-める、さ-ます4 
フク 5A level
キ、つくえ6 
ヘンかた6 
 か-ける、か-かる、かかりS 
グウすみS