| 漢字 | 音 | 訓 | 学年 | Edexcel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 空 | クウ | そら、あ-く、あ-ける、から | 1 | Higher |
| 文 | ブン、モン | ふみ | 1 | Higher |
| 園 | エン | その | 2 | Higher |
| 業 | ギョウ、ゴウ | わざ | 3 | A level |
| 港 | コウ | みなと | 3 | |
| 式 | シキ | 3 | Higher | |
| 受 | ジュ | う-ける、う-かる | 3 | A level |
| 機 | キ | はた | 4 | A level |
| 残 | ザン | のこ-る、のこ-す | 4 | A level |
| 卒 | ソツ | 4 | A level | |
| 飛 | ヒ | と-ぶ、と-ばす | 4 | A level |
| 連 | レン | つら-なる、つら-ねる、つ-れる | 4 | A level |
| 務 | ム | つと-める、つと-まる | 5 | |
| 普 | フ | S | A level |
第31課・文型
Main language structures
Voう／よう
Syntax: Volitional form.
Usage: Plain form equivalent of the -ましょう form.
Morphology: See Morphology
Usage:
- 少し休もうか。
Shall we rest a while?
Voう／よう と思う。
Usage: Used to show what the speaker thinks they might do
Example:
- 週末は海に行こうと思います。
I think I’ll go to the beach this weekend.
Voう／よう と思っている。
Usage: Used to show what the speaker is thinking of doing
Example:
- 週末は海に行こうと思っています。
I’m thinking of going to the beach this weekend.
Usage: This structure is often used to show what somebody else is thinking of doing.
Example:
- 彼は外国で働こうと思っています。
He’s thinking of working overseas.
Vuつもりです。
Syntax: Vmod N
Usage: Used to show the speaker’s intention to do something.
Example:
- 国へ帰っても、柔道を続けるつもりです。
Even when I go back to my country, I’ll continue with my judo.
Vnaiつもりです。
Syntax: Vnai_mod N
Usage: Used to show the speaker’s intention not to do something.
Example:
- 明日からはタバコを吸わないつもりです。
I’m determined not to smoke from tomorrow.
Vuよていです。
Syntax: Vmod N
Usage: Used to tell somebody about a schedule.
Examples:
- 7月の終わりにドイツへ出張する予定です。
I’m scheduled to go on a business trip at the end of July.
まだVteいない
Syntax: Adverb
Usage: Used to show that something has not been done yet.
Note: In a positive sentence, まだmeans “still”, whereas in a negative sentence it means “not yet.”
Example:
- 銀行はまだ開いていません。
The bank isn’t open yet.
そ～／こ～
Syntax: Demonstrative
Usage: そ～ can be used to represent something that has been referred to. In writing, sometimes こ～ can be used instead, to describe something as if it really exists.
Example:
- わたしが一番欲しい物は「どこでもドア」です。このドアを開けると、どこでも行きたい所へ行けます。
What I want most is a “magic door.” When you open this door, you can go anywhere you want.
第31課
This lesson……
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Vteある
Syntax: -te form compound verb. Uses intransitive verbs.
Usage: Shows a state that results from a deliberate action.
Explanation: While あるby itself shows that something exists, when it is used after the -te form of a transitive verb it shows what somebody did to it to get it into the state it is in now. This is in contrast to いる, which has a similar structure with intransitive verbs that shows what happened, rather than what was done. Note that even though the verb is transitive, が not を is used because the particle agrees with the final ある, not the -te form before it.
Example:
- まどが開けてあります。
The window has been opened
窓が開けてあります。
Syntax: -te form compound verb. Uses intransitive verbs.
Usage: Shows a state that results from a deliberate action.
Explanation: While あるby itself shows that something exists, when it is used after the -te form of a transitive verb it shows what somebody did to it to get it into the state it is in now. This is in contrast to いる, which has a similar structure, but with intransitive verbs, that shows what happened, rather than what was done. Note that even though the verb is transitive, が not を is used because the particle agrees with the final ある, not the -te form before it.
Example:
- まどが開けてあります。
The window has been opened
壁に絵がつけてある
Explanation: We already know that N(location)にNがある means “there is [a] N [on/in…] N(location).” Using the -te form of a transitive verb shows what somebody did to the thing to get it there. Examples:
- 机の上にメモが置いてあります。
A memo has been put on the desk.
- カレンダーに今月の予定が書いてあります。
This month’s schedule has been written on the calendar
絵は壁に掛けてある
Explanation: When we refer to the thing we are talking about, it becomes the topic, and がchanges to は.
Example:
- メモはどこですか。
［メモは］机の上に置いてあります
- 今月の予定はカレンダーに書いてあります。
ワインはもう買ってある
Preparation
Explanation: Because –teある shows that a deliberate act has taken place, it is often used to show some kind of preparation has taken place, and is often used with もう.
Examples:
- 誕生日のプレゼントはもう買ってあります。
I’ve already bought her birthday present.
- ホテルはもう予約してあります。
I’ve already booked the hotel.
Categories
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te form + おく
Vteおく
Syntax: -te form compound verb. Uses transitive verbs
Usage: Used when something is done deliberately in preparation for the future
Explanation: While おくby itself means “to put”, when it is used in a -te form compound, it means to “put an action onto the passage of time”, to bring about a state that will be needed later.
会議の前にしておきます。
I’ll do that before the meeting.
Explanation: Complete a necessary action by a given time
Example:
- 旅行の前に切符を買っておきま。
I’ll buy a ticked before I go travelling
そこに置いておいて下し
Put that over there please
Explanation: The time doesn’t need to be mentioned, for example if it is some indeterminate point in the future.
Example:
- ゴミ箱に捨てておいてください。
Please put it in the bin (so it can be thrown away later).
そのままにしておきます
I’ll leave it as it is.
Explanation: If the state doesn’t need to be changed, you can still use Vte おく. Note that in this construction, that action doesn’t actually have to be performed, rather, its resultant state has to be preserved.
Example:
- 机の上に出しておいてください。
Please leave them out on the table.
Explanation: そのままにするis often used here
Example:
- そのままにしておいてください。
Please leave it as it is.
まだVteいる
Syntax: Adverb
Usage: Used to show that a state is still continuing.
Example:
- 雨がまだ降っています。
It’s still raining
それは～
Talk about what’s just been mentioned
Syntax: Topic
Usage: それcan be used to represent the last thing that has been said.
Example:
- ブロードウェイでミュージカルをみたいです。
それはいいですね…
I’d like to see a musical on Broadway.
That sounds nice.